Assessment of Self-Reported Oral Health Status and Oral Hygiene Habits Among Pregnant Women in Libya

Abstract

Oral health during pregnancy is critical for maternal and fetal well-being. Limited data exist regarding pregnant women’s oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Libya. This study aimed to evaluate self-reported oral health status and hygiene habits among pregnant women. The findings may contribute to enhancing maternal oral health programs and guiding future policy interventions. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 159 pregnant women attending antenatal care at Gharyan Teaching Hospital and affiliated clinics, Libya, from July to November 2025. Participants completed a structured, self-administered questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The majority of participants were aged 21–30 years (54.1%) and had university-level education (61.0%). While most women brushed their teeth (95.0%), only 36.5% reported brushing twice daily, and 20.8% visited the dentist regularly. Knowledge regarding the relationship between oral health and overall health was high (86.2%), but awareness of preventive measures, such as fluoride toothpaste (37.7%) and alternative cleaning methods (39.0%), was limited. Overall, 77.4% of participants demonstrated adequate oral health knowledge (score ≥7). Higher education level and visiting a dentist during pregnancy were significantly associated with adequate knowledge (p = 0.024 and p = 0.005, respectively). Age, parity, trimester, and perceived oral health status were not significantly associated with knowledge. Pregnant women in this study demonstrated good general awareness of oral health but suboptimal preventive practices and limited knowledge of specific oral hygiene measures. Targeted oral health education and accessible dental services during pregnancy are recommended to improve maternal oral health outcomes in Libya.